Gyaan Kunja Tuition Centre English Grammar: Chapter 12: Tense (কাল)

 

অধ্যায় – ১২ : Tense (কাল)

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১. Tense কি? (সংজ্ঞা)

Tense হৈছে Verb ৰ সেই ৰূপ যি কামটো কেতিয়া সংঘটিত হৈছে — অতীত, বৰ্তমান বা ভৱিষ্যৎ — সেই কথা প্ৰকাশ কৰে।

👉 সহজকৈ —
Tense = কামৰ সময় প্ৰকাশ কৰা Verb ৰ ৰূপ

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উদাহৰণ

• I play football. → বৰ্তমান

• I played football. → অতীত

• I will play football. → ভৱিষ্যৎ

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২. Tense ৰ মূল বিভাজন

Tense ৩টা —

1. Present Tense (বৰ্তমান কাল)

2. Past Tense (অতীত কাল)

3. Future Tense (ভৱিষ্যৎ কাল)

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৩. Present Tense (বৰ্তমান কাল)

বৰ্তমানত হোৱা কাম প্ৰকাশ কৰে।

Present Tense ৰ ৪টা ভাগ

1. Present Indefinite

2. Present Continuous

3. Present Perfect

4. Present Perfect Continuous

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(a) Present Indefinite Tense

Structure:
👉 Subject + V₁ / V₁+s/es

ব্যৱহাৰ

• দৈনন্দিন অভ্যাস

• সাধাৰণ সত্য

• নিয়মিত কাম

উদাহৰণ

• I play cricket.

• She reads books.

• The sun rises in the east.

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(b) Present Continuous Tense

Structure:
👉 Subject + am/is/are + V₁+ing

ব্যৱহাৰ

• এতিয়া চলি থকা কাম

উদাহৰণ

• I am reading.

• She is cooking.

• They are playing.

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(c) Present Perfect Tense

Structure:
👉 Subject + has/have + V₃

ব্যৱহাৰ

• সদ্য শেষ হোৱা কাম

• অভিজ্ঞতা

উদাহৰণ

• I have finished my work.

• She has gone home.

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(d) Present Perfect Continuous

Structure:
👉 Subject + has/have been + V₁+ing

ব্যৱহাৰ

• অতীতত আৰম্ভ হৈ বৰ্তমানলৈ চলি থকা কাম

উদাহৰণ

• I have been reading for two hours.

• She has been working since morning.

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৪. Past Tense (অতীত কাল)

অতীতত হোৱা কাম প্ৰকাশ কৰে।

Past Tense ৰ ৪টা ভাগ

1. Past Indefinite

2. Past Continuous

3. Past Perfect

4. Past Perfect Continuous

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(a) Past Indefinite

👉 Subject + V₂

উদাহৰণ

• I went home.

• She ate rice.

• They played football.

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(b) Past Continuous

👉 Subject + was/were + V₁+ing

উদাহৰণ

• I was reading.

• They were playing.

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(c) Past Perfect

👉 Subject + had + V₃

উদাহৰণ

• I had finished work.

• She had left.

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(d) Past Perfect Continuous

👉 Subject + had been + V₁+ing

উদাহৰণ

• I had been reading.

• She had been working.

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৫. Future Tense (ভৱিষ্যৎ কাল)

ভৱিষ্যতে হ’বলগীয়া কাম প্ৰকাশ কৰে।

Future Tense ৰ ৪টা ভাগ

1. Future Indefinite

2. Future Continuous

3. Future Perfect

4. Future Perfect Continuous

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(a) Future Indefinite

👉 Subject + will/shall + V₁

উদাহৰণ

• I will go.

• She will come.

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(b) Future Continuous

👉 Subject + will be + V₁+ing

উদাহৰণ

• I will be reading.

• They will be playing.

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(c) Future Perfect

👉 Subject + will have + V₃

উদাহৰণ

• I will have finished.

• She will have arrived.

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(d) Future Perfect Continuous

👉 Subject + will have been + V₁+ing

উদাহৰণ

• I will have been reading.

• They will have been working.

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৬. Tense চিহ্নিত কৰাৰ সহজ উপায়

Word clue	Tense
always, daily	Present Indefinite
now, at present	Present Continuous
already, just	Present Perfect
yesterday, ago	Past Indefinite
tomorrow	Future

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৭. সাধাৰণ ভুলসমূহ

❌ He go to school.
✔ He goes to school.

❌ I am go.
✔ I am going.

❌ She have done.
✔ She has done.

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৮. অধিক উদাহৰণ

1. I drink tea daily.

2. She is writing a letter.

3. They have completed work.

4. We played yesterday.

5. I will help you.

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৯. অনুশীলনী (Exercise)

A. Tense চিনাক্ত কৰক

1. She is cooking.

2. I went home.

3. They will play.

4. I have finished.

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B. সঠিক ৰূপ পূৰণ কৰক

1. He ___ (go) to school daily.

2. She ___ (read) now.

3. I ___ (finish) my work.

4. They ___ (play) tomorrow.

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C. Assamese → English

1. মই এতিয়া পঢ়ি আছোঁ।

2. সি কালি আহিছিল।

3. মই কাইলৈ যাম।

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১০. সংক্ষিপ্ত পুনৰালোচনা (Summary)

• Tense কামৰ সময় প্ৰকাশ কৰে।

• তিনিটা মূল কাল — Present, Past, Future।

• প্ৰতিটো কালৰ ৪টা উপভাগ আছে।

• Auxiliary verb ব্যৱহাৰ অত্যন্ত গুৰুত্বপূর্ণ।